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Decentralized pandemic response and health equity: an analysis of socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 mortality in Japan
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Hasan Jamil, Aminu Abubakar Kende, Shuhei Nomura, Fumiya Inoue, Takao Suzuki, Stuart Gilmour
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Epidemiol Health. 2025;e2025049. Published online August 28, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025049
[Accepted]
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 Abstract
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Global data often link greater socioeconomic deprivation to higher COVID-19 mortality. However, whether decentralized governance can mitigate this disparity by enabling tailored, equitable local responses remains unclear. We assessed whether Japan’s decentralized pandemic response moderated the association between area-level socioeconomic deprivation and COVID-19 mortality across municipalities.
METHODS We analyzed 20,760 COVID-19 deaths from all Japanese municipalities during 2020–2021. We computed standardized mortality ratios using national age- and sex-specific rates to derive expected counts. We then fit a Bayesian spatial Poisson regression model with the log of expected counts as an offset to estimate smoothed relative risks (RRs). The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) represented the primary predictor; structured and unstructured random effects captured spatial correlation and residual variability.
RESULTS Mapping of smoothed RRs, categorized into quintiles, revealed higher mortality risk in northern, central, and western municipalities, with lower risk in southern and scattered central regions. Contradicting global trends, deprivation and COVID-19 mortality demonstrated an inverse association (ADI coefficient, –0.095; 95% credible interval, –0.173 to –0.018), indicating that more deprived municipalities exhibited lower RRs for COVID-19 mortality (9.1% reduction per 1-unit increase in ADI).
CONCLUSIONS The inverse relationship between area deprivation and COVID-19 mortality in Japan contrasts with global patterns. Although Japan’s decentralized health system ensured equitable access to COVID-19 treatment, lower mortality in more deprived areas likely reflects additional protective factors, including population density patterns and community-specific adaptations. These findings underscore the complex interplay between socioeconomic conditions and health outcomes during global health emergencies.
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Summary
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